Krasnoyarsk Krai (Russian: Красноярский край, tr. Krasnoyarsky kray, IPA: [krəsnɐˈjarskʲɪj ˈkraj]) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai). It is the second largest federal subject after the Sakha Republic, and Russia's largest krai, occupying an area of 2,339,700 square kilometers (903,400 sq mi), which is 13% of the country's total territory. The administrative center of the krai is the city of Krasnoyarsk.
Contents[hide] |
[edit] Geography
The krai lies in the middle of Siberia, and belongs to the Siberian Federal District, stretching 3,000 km from the Sayan Mountains on the south along the Yenisei River to the Taymyr Peninsula in the north. It shares borders with Tyumen, Tomsk, Irkutsk, and Kemerovo oblasts, the Khakass, Tyva, and Sakha republics, and the Kara Sea and Laptev Sea of the Arctic Ocean on the north.
The krai is located in the basin of the Arctic Ocean; a great number of rivers that flow through the krai all drain into it eventually. The main rivers of the krai are the Yenisei, and its tributaries (from south to north): the Kan, the Angara, the Podkamennaya Tunguska, and Nizhnyaya Tunguska.
There are also several thousand lakes in the krai. The largest lakes include Beloye, Belyo, Glubokoye, Itat, Khantayskoye, Labas, Lama, Pyasina, Taymyr, and Yessey. The rivers and lakes are rich with fish.
The climate is strongly continental with large temperature variations during the year. For the central and southern regions where most of the krai's population lives, long winters and short, hot summers are characteristic. The territory of Krasnoyarsk krai experiences conditions of three climate belts: Arctic, Subarctic, and moderate. While in the north there are less than 40 days with temperature higher than 10 °C (50 °F), in the south there are 110–120 such days.
The average temperature in January is −36 °C (−32.8 °F) in the north and −18 °C (−0.4 °F) in the south. The average temperature in July is 10 °C (50 °F) in the north and 20 °C (68 °F) in the south. The annual precipitation is 316 millimeters (12.4 in) (up to 1,200 millimeters (47 in) in foothills of the Sayan Mountains). Snow covers the central regions of the krai from early November until late March. The peaks of the Sayans higher than 2,400–2,600 m and those of the Putorana Plateau higher than 1,000–1,300 m are covered with permanent snow. Permafrost is widespread, especially in the north.
The highest point of the krai is Grandiozny Peak in the East Sayan Mountains at an elevation of 2,922 meters (9,587 ft).
[edit] History
According to archeologists the territory of Siberia was settled around 40,000 BC [12][citation needed] The grave-mounds and monuments of the Scythian culture in Krasnoyarsk Kray belong to the 7th century BCE and are ones of the oldest in Eurasia. Among other things a prince's grave Kurgan Arshan exposed in 2001 is known.
The Russian settlement of the area (by Cossacks mostly) began in the 17th century. After the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railroad the Russian colonisation of the area strongly increased.
During both the Tsarist and the Bolsheviks' regimes the territory of Krasnoyarsk Krai was used as a place of exile of political enemies of current government. The first leaders of the Soviet state Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin were in exile on the territory of the nowadays krai in 1897–1900 and in 1903 respectively. In Stalin's era numerous Gulag camps were in the region.
In 1822, the Yenisei Governorate (Yeniseyskaya guberniya) was created with Krasnoyarsk as its administrative centre that covered the territory very close to the one of the current krai.
On June 30, 1908, in the basin of the Podkamennaya Tunguska river, there occurred a powerful explosion most likely to have been caused by the air burst of a large meteoroid or comet fragment at an altitude of 5–10 kilometres (3–6 miles) above Earth's surface. The force of the explosion is estimated to be about 10–15 megatons. It flattened more than 2,000 square kilometres (500,000 acres) of pine forest and killed thousands of reindeer.
Kransnoyark Krai was created in 1934 after disaggregation of West Siberian and East Siberian Krais and then included Taymyr and Evenk Autonomous Okrugs and Khakasiya Autonomous Oblast. In 1991, Khakassia separated from the krai and became a republic within the Russian Federation.
On January 1, 2007, following a referendum on the issue held on April 17, 2005, territories of Evenk and Taymyr Autonomous Okrugs were merged into the krai.
[edit] Politics
In 1993, president Boris Yeltsin appointed Valery Zubov the first governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai. In 1994, Zubov was elected in a universal election for a four-year term. The Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai was created as well.
In 1998, Zubov lost in the gubernatorial election to General Aleksandr Lebed, a politician well-known in all Russia. The term of governor's service was extended up to five years. But in 2002 Lebed died in a helicopter accident.
In 2002, Alexander Khloponin, the governor of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug and an influential businessman was elected a governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai. In 2007, he was nominated by president Vladimir Putin for re-election, and Khloponin was elected by the legislative assembly for the second term.
In 2010, after Khloponin was promoted to the office of the president's envoy in the North Caucasian Federal District, Lev Kuznetsov, a businessman and politician from Khloponin's circle, became new governor of the region.
The legislative assembly consists of 52 deputies. 22 of them are elected in 22 one-mandate electoral districts by plurality system, 2 in Taymyr, 2 in Evenkia, and 26 are elected by proportional system from the lists offered by political parties.
Krasnoyarsk Krai is represented in the Federation Council of Russia by two senators. In 2007, eight deputies were elected to the State Duma from Krasnoyarsk regional lists of different political parties.
[edit] Economy
Over 95% of the cities, a majority of the industrial enterprises, and all of the agriculture are concentrated in the south of the krai.
[edit] Natural resources
The krai is among the richest of Russia's regions in natural resources. Eighty percent of the country's nickel, 75% of its cobalt, 70% of its copper, 16% of its coal, and 10% of its gold are extracted here. Krasnoyarsk also produces 20% of the country's timber. More than 95% of Russian resources of platinum and platinoids are concentrated in the krai.
[edit] Industry
The krai's major industries are: non-ferrous metallurgy, energy, forestry, chemicals, and oil refining. The major financial industrial groups of Krasnoyarsk Krai are:
- Basic Element (Krasnoyarsk Aluminium Plant, Achinsk Alumina Complex, Krasnoyarsk Pulp and Paper Plant)
- Interros, (Norilsk Nickel)
- Evraz Group (iron mines, timber)
- MDM Group (SUEK, Siberian Coal and Energy Company)
- Unified Energy System (generation and transit of electric power)
- RZhD (railroads)
[edit] Power generation
The two most powerful hydroelectric plants in Russia are built on the Yenisei River, one is being built on the Angara, and several are being planned. It makes Krasnoyarsk Krai one of the most important producers of electric energy in Russia, and a desirable location for energy-intensive industries, such as aluminium plants.
[edit] Transportation
- Trans-Siberian Railroad (650 km (400 mi) within Krasnoyarsk Krai), Norilsk Railroad (the most northern railroad in the world); North Siberian Railroad is planned.
- Highways: M53 Baikal (Novosibirsk-Krasnoyarsk-Irkutsk), M54 Yenisei (Krasnoyarsk-Kyzyl-Mongolia) R409 Eniseiskiy trakt (Krasnoyarsk-Lesosibirsk-Eniseisk).
- Northern Sea Route and shipping on Yenisei. The main ports are: Dudinka, Igarka, Turukhansk, Yeniseysk, Maklakovo, Strelka, Krasnoyarsk
- 26 airports, including large international one (Yemelyanovo near Krasnoyarsk).
- Two pipes of Irkutsk-Anzhero-Sudzhensk petroleum pipeline.
- Major power transmission lines.
[edit] Administrative divisions
Krasnoyarsk Krai consists of 44 raions, and 14 cities of raion-level. Two of the raions (Evenkia, and Taymyr, the former autonomous okrugs) have special status.
[edit] Demographics
Population (2002 Census): 3,023,525 (including Taymyr and Evenk Autonomous Okrugs)
Ethnic groups: The population of the krai mostly consists of Russians, and some other peoples of the former Soviet Union. The indigenous Siberian peoples make up no more than 1% of the population.
The 2002 Census reported the following ethnic composition:
- Russians: 88.38%
- Ukrainians: 2.37%
- Tatars: 1.49%
- Germans: 1.24%
- Azeri: 0.65%
- Belarusians: 0.61%
- Chuvash: 0.57%
- other groups of less than 0.5% each.
An additional 0.56% of residents declined to state their ethnicity on the census questionnaire.[13]
- Births (Jan-Aug 2009): 25,520 (13.3 per 1000) [1]
- Deaths (Jan-Aug 2009): 25,183 (13.1 per 1000)
As of August 2009, Krasnoyarsk Krai recorded a natural growth of population for the first time in 16 years.[14]
[edit] Demographics for 2007
District | Pop | Births | Deaths | NG | BR | DR | NGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Krasnoyarsk Krai | 2,890,350 | 34,206 | 38,470 | -4,264 | 11.83 | 13.31 | -0.15% |
| Taimirsky Dolgano-Nenetsky | 37,768 | 592 | 335 | 257 | 15.67 | 8.87 | 0.68% |
| Evenkysky | 16,705 | 304 | 233 | 71 | 18.20 | 13.95 | 0.43% |
| Abansky | 24,997 | 346 | 419 | -73 | 13.84 | 16.76 | -0.29% |
| Achinsky | 15,918 | 226 | 253 | -27 | 14.20 | 15.89 | -0.17% |
| Balakhtinsky | 23,761 | 281 | 409 | -128 | 11.83 | 17.21 | -0.54% |
| Berezovsky | 38,527 | 483 | 543 | -60 | 12.54 | 14.09 | -0.16% |
| Birilyussky | 11,431 | 159 | 228 | -69 | 13.91 | 19.95 | -0.60% |
| Bogotolsky | 11,371 | 151 | 233 | -82 | 13.28 | 20.49 | -0.72% |
| Boguchansky | 48,312 | 585 | 626 | -41 | 12.11 | 12.96 | -0.08% |
| Bolshemurtinsky | 19,292 | 207 | 398 | -191 | 10.73 | 20.63 | -0.99% |
| Bolsheuluysky | 8,540 | 112 | 157 | -45 | 13.11 | 18.38 | -0.53% |
| Dzerzhinsky | 15,025 | 180 | 298 | -118 | 11.98 | 19.83 | -0.79% |
| Novoselovsky | 15,128 | 192 | 226 | -34 | 12.69 | 14.94 | -0.22% |
| Partizansky | 11,003 | 155 | 233 | -78 | 14.09 | 21.18 | -0.71% |
| Pirovsky | 8,251 | 97 | 125 | -28 | 11.76 | 15.15 | -0.34% |
| Ribinsky | 23,393 | 309 | 422 | -113 | 13.21 | 18.04 | -0.48% |
| Sayansky | 13,058 | 163 | 235 | -72 | 12.48 | 18.00 | -0.55% |
| Severo-Yeniseysky | 10,907 | 153 | 136 | 17 | 14.03 | 12.47 | 0.16% |
| Sukhobuzimsky | 23,050 | 287 | 362 | -75 | 12.45 | 15.70 | -0.33% |
| Taseyevsky | 13,962 | 161 | 234 | -73 | 11.53 | 16.76 | -0.52% |
| Turukhansky | 20,736 | 249 | 295 | -46 | 12.01 | 14.23 | -0.22% |
| Tyukhtetsky | 9,034 | 111 | 197 | -86 | 12.29 | 21.81 | -0.95% |
| Uzhursky | 33,952 | 541 | 586 | -45 | 15.93 | 17.26 | -0.13% |
| Uyarsky | 22,255 | 250 | 495 | -245 | 11.23 | 22.24 | -1.10% |
| Idrinsky | 14,037 | 157 | 252 | -95 | 11.18 | 17.95 | -0.68% |
| Ilansky | 26,436 | 352 | 453 | -101 | 13.32 | 17.14 | -0.38% |
| Irbeysky | 18,053 | 241 | 300 | -59 | 13.35 | 16.62 | -0.33% |
| Kazachinsky | 11,333 | 162 | 191 | -29 | 14.29 | 16.85 | -0.26% |
| Sharypovsky | 17,816 | 244 | 295 | -51 | 13.70 | 16.56 | -0.29% |
| Shushensky | 35,372 | 392 | 659 | -267 | 11.08 | 18.63 | -0.75% |
| Krasnoyarsk | 905,000 | 10,585 | 10,936 | -351 | 11.70 | 12.08 | -0.04% |
| Achinsk | 110,838 | 1,333 | 1,702 | -369 | 12.03 | 15.36 | -0.33% |
| Bogotol | 21,997 | 273 | 407 | -134 | 12.41 | 18.50 | -0.61% |
| Borodino | 18,759 | 197 | 247 | -50 | 10.50 | 13.17 | -0.27% |
| Divnogorsk | 30,968 | 337 | 438 | -101 | 10.88 | 14.14 | -0.33% |
| Yeniseysk | 19,086 | 265 | 278 | -13 | 13.88 | 14.57 | -0.07% |
| Zaozyorny | 11,359 | 184 | 221 | -37 | 16.20 | 19.46 | -0.33% |
| Kansk | 98,965 | 1,113 | 1,458 | -345 | 11.25 | 14.73 | -0.35% |
| Lesosibirsk | 64,215 | 932 | 1,027 | -95 | 14.51 | 15.99 | -0.15% |
| Minusinsk | 66,770 | 852 | 1,141 | -289 | 12.76 | 17.09 | -0.43% |
| Nazarovo | 53,593 | 568 | 890 | -322 | 10.60 | 16.61 | -0.60% |
| Norilsk | 206,359 | 2,402 | 1,150 | 1,252 | 11.64 | 5.57 | 0.61% |
| Sosnovoborsk | 30,074 | 306 | 275 | 31 | 10.17 | 9.14 | 0.10% |
| Sharypovo | 38,495 | 599 | 583 | 16 | 15.56 | 15.14 | 0.04% |
| Yemelyanovsky | 45,908 | 493 | 633 | -140 | 10.74 | 13.79 | -0.30% |
| Kansky | 26,696 | 361 | 425 | -64 | 13.52 | 15.92 | -0.24% |
| Karatuzsky | 16,992 | 215 | 307 | -92 | 12.65 | 18.07 | -0.54% |
| Kezhemsky | 24,406 | 277 | 300 | -23 | 11.35 | 12.29 | -0.09% |
| Kozulsky | 18,292 | 225 | 344 | -119 | 12.30 | 18.81 | -0.65% |
| Krasnoturansky | 16,098 | 201 | 247 | -46 | 12.49 | 15.34 | -0.29% |
| Kuraginsky | 51,402 | 669 | 851 | -182 | 13.02 | 16.56 | -0.35% |
| Mansky | 17,684 | 226 | 365 | -139 | 12.78 | 20.64 | -0.79% |
| Minusinsky | 26,457 | 339 | 409 | -70 | 12.81 | 15.46 | -0.26% |
| Motiginsky | 18,152 | 238 | 257 | -19 | 13.11 | 14.16 | -0.10% |
| Nazarovsky | 23,609 | 390 | 356 | 34 | 16.52 | 15.08 | 0.14% |
| Yeniseysky | 27,044 | 353 | 418 | -65 | 13.05 | 15.46 | -0.24% |
| Yermakovsky | 20,621 | 310 | 360 | -50 | 15.03 | 17.46 | -0.24% |
| Nizhneingashsky | 35,886 | 448 | 597 | -149 | 12.48 | 16.64 | -0.42% |
| Other | 245,202 | 1,673 | 2,020 | -347 | 6.82 | 8.24 | -0.14% |
[edit] Places of interest
In the krai there are forty-five museums, with total number of about one million objects stored there.
The Krasnoyarsk dam is pictured on Russian ten-ruble note and is a popular attraction for tourists.
The National Park Stolby with its famous rocks neighbors the city of Krasnoyarsk is a popular travelling area and one of the main centres of rock-climbing in Russia.
[edit] Education
Krasnoyarsk is the site of the Siberian Federal University, one of the four largest educational institutions of Russia.
(copy of wikipedia)
No comments:
Post a Comment