| State of Texas |
|
|
| Nickname(s): The Lone Star State |
| Motto(s): Friendship |
|
|
| Official language(s) | No official language
(see Languages spoken in Texas) |
| Spoken language(s) | English 68.7%
Spanish 27.0%[1] |
| Demonym | Texan
Texian (archaic) |
| Capital | Austin |
| Largest city | Houston |
| Largest metro area | Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington[2] |
| Area | Ranked 2nd in the U.S. |
| - Total | 268,581[3] sq mi
(696,241 km2) |
| - Width | 773[4] miles (1,244 km) |
| - Length | 790 miles (1,270 km) |
| - % water | 2.5 |
| - Latitude | 25° 50′ N to 36° 30′ N |
| - Longitude | 93° 31′ W to 106° 39′ W |
| Population | Ranked 2nd in the U.S. |
| - Total | 25,145,561 (2010 Census)[5] |
| - Density | 96.3[6]/sq mi (37.2/km2)
Ranked 26th in the U.S. |
| Elevation |
|
| - Highest point | Guadalupe Peak[7]
8,751 ft (2,667 m) |
| - Mean | 1,700 ft (520 m) |
| - Lowest point | Gulf of Mexico coast[7]
0 ft (0 m) |
| Before statehood | Republic of Texas |
| Admission to Union | December 29, 1845 (28th) |
| Governor | Rick Perry (R) |
| Lieutenant Governor | David Dewhurst (R) |
| Legislature | Texas Legislature |
| - Upper house | Senate |
| - Lower house | House of Representatives |
| U.S. Senators | Kay Bailey Hutchison (R)
John Cornyn (R) |
| U.S. House delegation | 20 Republicans, 12 Democrats (list) |
| Time zones |
|
| - most of state | Central: UTC−6/−5 |
| - tip of West Texas | Mountain: UTC−7/−6 |
| Abbreviations | TX Tex. US-TX |
| Website | texas.gov |
Texas (
i /ˈtɛksəs/) is the second-largest
U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state in the
contiguous United States. The name, meaning "friends" or "allies" in
Caddo, the word being "Tejas" was applied by the Spanish to the
Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in
East Texas.
[8] Located in the
South Central United States, Texas is bordered by
Mexico to the south,
New Mexico to the west,
Oklahoma to the north,
Arkansas to the northeast, and
Louisiana to the east. Texas has an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km
2), and a growing population of 25.1 million residents.
[9]
Houston is the largest city in Texas and the
fourth-largest in the United States, while
San Antonio is the second largest in the state and seventh largest in the United States.
Dallas–Fort Worth and
Greater Houston are the fourth and sixth largest
United States metropolitan areas, respectively. Other major cities include
El Paso and
Austin—the
state capital. Texas is nicknamed the
Lone Star State to signify Texas as an independent republic and as a reminder of the state's struggle for independence from Mexico. The "Lone Star" can be found on the Texas State Flag and on the Texas State Seal today.
[10]
Due to its size and geologic features such as the
Balcones Fault, Texas contains diverse
landscapes that resemble both the American
South and
Southwest.
[11] Although Texas is popularly associated with the
Southwestern deserts, less than 10% of the land area is
desert.
[12] Most of the population centers are located in areas of former
prairies,
grasslands,
forests, and the
coastline. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal
swamps and
piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, and finally the
desert and mountains of the
Big Bend.
The term "
six flags over Texas" came from the several nations that had ruled over the territory.
Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas.
France held a
short-lived colony in Texas.
Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent
Republic. In 1845 it joined the United States as the 28th state. The state's
annexation set off a chain of events that caused the
Mexican–American War in 1846. A
slave state, Texas declared its secession from the United States in early 1861, joining the
Confederate States of America during the
American Civil War. After the war and its restoration to the Union, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation.
One Texas industry that thrived after the Civil War was
cattle. Due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the
cowboy. The state's economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when
oil discoveries initiated an
economic boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified
economy and
high tech industry in the mid-20th century. As of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most
Fortune 500 companies with California at 57.
[13] With a growing base of industry, the state leads in many industries, including
agriculture,
petrochemicals,
energy,
computers and
electronics,
aerospace, and
biomedical sciences. It leads the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the
second-highest gross state product.
Geography
Texas is the
second largest U.S. state, behind Alaska, with an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km
2). It is 10%
larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, though it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst
country subdivisions by size. If it were a country, Texas would be the
40th largest behind Chile and Zambia.
Texas is in the
south-central part of the United States of America. Three of its
borders are defined by rivers. The
Rio Grande river forms a natural border with the Mexican states of
Chihuahua,
Coahuila,
Nuevo León, and
Tamaulipas to the south. The
Red River forms a natural border with Oklahoma and Arkansas to the north. The
Sabine River forms a natural border with Louisiana to the east. The
Texas Panhandle has an eastern border with Oklahoma at
100° W, a northern border with Oklahoma at
36°30' N and a western border with New Mexico at
103° W.
El Paso lies on the state's western tip at
32° N and the Rio Grande.
[14]
With 10
climatic regions, 14
soil regions, and 11 distinct
ecological regions, regional classification becomes problematic with differences in soils, topography, geology, rainfall, and plant and animal communities.
[15] One classification system divides Texas, in order southeast to west, into the following:
Gulf Coastal Plains, Interior Lowlands,
Great Plains, and Basin and Range Province. The Gulf Coastal Plains region wraps around the Gulf of Mexico on the southeast section of the state. Vegetation in this region consists of thick pineywoods. The Interior Lowlands region consists of gently rolling to hilly forested land is part of a larger pine-hardwood forest. The Great Plains region in central Texas is located in spans through the state's
panhandle and
Llano Estacado to the state's
hill country near Austin. This region is dominated by
prairie and
steppe. "Far West Texas" or the "
Trans-Pecos" region is the state's Basin and Range Province. The most varied of the regions, this area includes Sand Hills, the Stockton Plateau, desert valleys, wooded mountain slopes and desert grasslands.
Texas has 3,700 named streams and 15 major rivers.
[16][17] The largest of these rivers is the
Rio Grande. Other major rivers include the
Pecos, the
Brazos,
Colorado, and
Red River, which forms the border with Oklahoma. While Texas does not have any large natural lakes, Texans have built over 100
artificial reservoirs.
[18]
Texas's size and unique history makes its regional affiliation debatable. Depending on the source, it can be fairly considered either or both a Southern or Southwestern state. The vast geographic, economic, and cultural diversity within the state itself prohibits easy categorization of the whole state into a
recognized region of the United States. The East, Central, and North Texas regions have a stronger association with the
American South than with the
Southwest. Others, such as far West Texas and South Texas share more similarities with the latter.
Geology
Texas is the southernmost part of the Great Plains, which ends in the south against the folded
Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico. The
continental crust forms a stable
Mesoproterozoic craton which changes across a broad continental margin and transitional crust into true
oceanic crust of the Gulf of Mexico. The oldest rocks in Texas date from the Mesoproterozoic and are about 1,600 million years old. These
Precambrian igneous and
metamorphic rocks underlie most of the state, and are exposed in three places:
Llano uplift,
Van Horn, and the
Franklin Mountains, near El Paso.
Sedimentary rocks overlay most of these ancient rocks. The oldest sediments were deposited on the flanks of a rifted continental margin, or
passive margin that developed during
Cambrian time. This margin existed until
Laurasia and
Gondwana collided in the
Pennsylvanian subperiod to form
Pangea. This is the buried crest of the
Appalachian Mountains–
Ouachita Mountains zone of Pennsylvanian
continental collision. This
orogenic crest is today buried beneath the Dallas–
Waco—Austin–San Antonio trend.
The late
Paleozoic mountains collapsed as
rifting in the
Jurassic period began to open the Gulf of Mexico. Pangea began to break up in the
Triassic, but
seafloor spreading to form the Gulf of Mexico occurred only in the mid and
late Jurassic. The shoreline shifted again to the eastern margin of the state and the Gulf of Mexico passive margin began to form.
Today 9 miles (14 km) to 12 miles (19 km) of sediments are buried beneath the Texas continental shelf and a large proportion of remaining US
oil reserves are located here. At the start of its formation, the incipient Gulf of Mexico basin was restricted and seawater often evaporated completely to form thick
evaporite deposits of Jurassic age. These salt deposits formed
salt dome diapirs, and are found in East Texas along the Gulf coast.
[19]
East Texas outcrops consist of
Cretaceous and
Paleogene sediments which contain important deposits of
Eocene lignite. The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian sediments in the north; Permian sediments in the west; and Cretaceous sediments in the east, along the Gulf coast and out on the Texas
continental shelf contain oil.
Oligocene volcanic rocks are found in far west Texas in the
Big Bend area. A blanket of
Miocene sediments known as the
Ogallala formation in the western high plains region is an important
aquifer.
[20] Located far from an active
plate tectonic boundary, Texas has no
volcanoes and few
earthquakes.
[21]
Climate
Average annual precipitation in Texas
Average annual temperature in Texas
The large size of Texas and its location at the intersection of multiple
climate zones gives the state highly variable weather. The
Panhandle of the state has colder winters than North Texas, while the Gulf Coast has mild winters. Texas has wide variations in precipitation patterns. El Paso, on the western end of the state, averages as little as 8 inches (200 mm) of annual rainfall while Houston, on the southeast Texas averages as much as 54 inches (1,400 mm) per year.
[22] Dallas in the North Central region averages a more moderate 37 inches (940 mm) per year.
Snow falls multiple times each winter in the Panhandle and mountainous areas of West Texas, once or twice a year in North Texas, and once every few years in Central and East Texas. Snow rarely falls south of San Antonio or on the coast except in rare circumstances. Of note is the
2004 Christmas Eve Snowstorm was the first recorded
White Christmas in Houston where 6 inches (150 mm) of snow fell as far south as
Kingsville, where the average high temperature in December is 65°
F.
[23]
Maximum temperatures in the summer months average from the 80s °
F (26 °
C) in the mountains of West Texas and on
Galveston Island to around 100
°F (38
°C) in the
Rio Grande Valley, but most areas of Texas see consistent summer high temperatures in the 90
°F (32
°C) range.
Night time summer temperatures range from the upper 50s °F (14 °C) in the West Texas mountains
[24] to 80 °F (27 °C) in Galveston.
[25]
Thunderstorms strike Texas often, especially the eastern and northern portions of the state.
Tornado Alley covers the northern section of Texas. The state experiences the most
tornadoes in the United States, an average of 139 a year. These strike most frequently in North Texas and the Panhandle.
[26] Tornadoes in Texas generally occur in the months of April, May, and June.
[27]
Some of the most destructive hurricanes in U.S. history have impacted Texas. A hurricane in 1875 killed approximately 400 people in
Indianola, followed by
another hurricane in 1886 that destroyed the town. These events allowed
Galveston to take over as the chief port city. The
Galveston hurricane of 1900 subsequently devastated that city killing approximately 8,000 people (possibly as many as 12,000), making it the deadliest
natural disaster in U.S. history. Other devastating Texas hurricanes include the
1915 Galveston Hurricane,
Hurricane Audrey in 1957 which killed over 600 people,
Hurricane Carla in 1961,
Hurricane Beulah in 1967,
Hurricane Alicia in 1983,
Hurricane Rita in 2005, and
Hurricane Ike in 2008.
[28] Tropical storms have also caused their share of damage:
Allison in 1989 and again
during 2001, and
Claudette in 1979 among them.
Texas emits the most
greenhouse gases in the U.S.
[29][30][31] The state emits nearly 1.5 trillion pounds (680 billion kg) of carbon dioxide annually. As an independent nation, Texas would rank as the world's seventh-largest producer of greenhouse gases.
[30] Causes of the state's vast greenhouse gas emissions include the state's large number of
coal power plants and the state's refining and manufacturing industries.
[30]
History
Pre-European era
Texas lies between two major cultural spheres of
Pre-Columbian North America: the
Southwestern and the
Plains areas.
Archaeologists have found that three major indigenous cultures lived in this territory, and reached their developmental peak before the first European contact. These were:
[32]
No culture was dominant in the present-day Texas region, and many peoples inhabited the area.
[32] Native American tribes that lived inside the boundaries of present-day Texas include the
Alabama,
Apache,
Atakapan,
Bidai,
Caddo,
Coahuiltecan,
Comanche,
Choctaw,
Coushatta,
Hasinai,
Jumano,
Karankawa,
Kickapoo,
Kiowa,
Tonkawa, and
Wichita.
[33][34] The name
Texas derives from
táyshaʔ, a word in the
Caddoan language of the
Hasinai, which means "friends" or "allies".
[3][35][36][37][38]
Whether a Native American tribe was friendly or warlike was critical to the fates of European explorers and
settlers in that land.
[39] Friendly tribes taught newcomers how to grow indigenous crops, prepare foods, and hunt
wild game. Warlike tribes made life difficult and dangerous for Europeans through their attacks and resistance to the newcomers.
[40]
Colonization
Six nations who Colonized Texas
Texas in 1718,
Guillaume de L'Isle map, approximate state area highlighted, northern areas indefinite
The first historical document related to Texas was a map of the
Gulf Coast, created in 1519 by Spanish explorer
Alonso Álvarez de Pineda.
[41][42] Nine years later, shipwrecked Spanish explorer
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his cohort became the first
Europeans in Texas.
[43][44] European powers ignored Texas until accidentally settling there in 1685. Miscalculations by
René Robert Cavelier de La Salle resulted in his establishing the colony of
Fort Saint Louis at
Matagorda Bay rather than along the
Mississippi River.
[45] The colony lasted only four years before succumbing to harsh conditions and hostile natives.
[46]
In 1690 Spanish authorities, concerned that France posed competitive threat, constructed several
missions in
East Texas.
[47] After Native American resistance, the Spanish missionaries returned to Mexico.
[48] When France began settling
Louisiana, mostly in the southern part of the state, in 1716 Spanish authorities responded by founding a new series of missions in East Texas.
[49][50] Two years later, they created
San Antonio as the first Spanish civilian settlement in Texas.
[51]
Hostile native tribes and distance from nearby Spanish colonies discouraged settlers from moving to Texas. It was one of New Spain's least populated provinces.
[52] In 1749, the Spanish peace treaty with the
Lipan Apache[53] angered many tribes, including the
Comanche,
Tonkawa, and
Hasinai.
[54] The Comanche signed a treaty with Spain in 1785
[55] and later helped to defeat the Lipan Apache and
Karankawa tribes.
[56][57] With more numerous missions being established, priests led a peaceful conversion of most tribes. By the end of the 18th century only a few
nomadic tribes had not converted to
Christianity.
[58]
When the United States
purchased Louisiana from France in 1803, American authorities insisted that the agreement also included Texas. The boundary between New Spain and the United States was finally set at the
Sabine River in 1819.
[59] Eager for new land, many United States settlers refused to recognize the agreement. Several
filibusters raised armies to invade Texas.
[60] In 1821, the
Mexican War of Independence included the Texas territory, which became part of Mexico.
[61] Due to its low population, Mexico made the area part of the state of
Coahuila y Tejas.
[62]
Hoping that more settlers would reduce the near-constant Comanche raids,
Mexican Texas liberalized its immigration policies to permit immigrants from outside Mexico and Spain.
[63] Under the Mexican immigration system, large swathes of land were allotted to
empresarios, who recruited settlers from the United States, Europe, and the Mexican interior. The first grant, to
Moses Austin, was passed to his son
Stephen F. Austin after his death.
Austin's settlers, the
Old Three Hundred, made places along the
Brazos River in 1822.
[64] Twenty-three other empresarios brought settlers to the state, the majority of whom were from the United States.
[64][65] The population of Texas grew rapidly. In 1825, Texas had a population of approximately 3,500, with most of Mexican descent.
[66] By 1834, Texas had grown to approximately 37,800 people, with only 7,800 of Mexican descent.
[67]
Many immigrants openly flouted Mexican law, especially the prohibition against
slavery. Combined with United States' attempts to purchase Texas, Mexican authorities decided in 1830 to prohibit continued immigration from the United States.
[68] New laws also called for the enforcement of
customs duties angering both native Mexican citizens (
Tejanos) and recent immigrants.
[69]
The
Anahuac Disturbances in 1832 were the first open revolt against Mexican rule and they coincided with a revolt in Mexico against the nation's president.
[70] Texians sided with the
federalists against the current government and drove all Mexican soldiers out of East Texas.
[71] They took advantage of the lack of oversight to agitate for more political freedom. Texians met at the
Convention of 1832 to discuss requesting independent statehood, among other issues.
[72] The following year, Texians reiterated their demands at the
Convention of 1833.
Republic
Republic of Texas. The present-day outlines of the U.S. states superimposed on the boundaries of 1836–1845
Proposals of 1850 for Texas northwestern boundary
Within Mexico, tensions continued between federalists and centralists. In early 1835, wary Texians formed Committees of Correspondence and Safety.
[73] The unrest erupted into armed conflict in late 1835 at the
Battle of Gonzales.
[74] This launched the
Texas Revolution, and over the next two months, the
Texians successfully defeated all Mexican troops in the region.
[75] Texians elected delegates to the
Consultation, which created a provisional government.
[76] The provisional government soon collapsed from infighting, and Texas was without clear governance for the first two months of 1836.
[77][78]
During this time of political turmoil, Mexican President
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna personally led an army to end the revolt.
[79] The Mexican expedition was initially successful. General
Jose de Urrea defeated all the Texian resistance along the coast culminating in the
Goliad Massacre.
[80] Santa Anna's forces, after a
thirteen-day siege, overwhelmed Texian defenders at the
Battle of the Alamo. News of the defeats sparked panic amongst Texas settlers.
[81] The newly elected Texian delegates to the
Convention of 1836 quickly signed a
Declaration of Independence on March 2, forming the
Republic of Texas. After electing interim officers, the Convention disbanded.
[82] The new government joined the other settlers in Texas in the
Runaway Scrape, fleeing from the approaching Mexican army.
[81] After several weeks of retreat, the
Texian Army commanded by
Sam Houston attacked and defeated Santa Anna's forces at the
Battle of San Jacinto.
[83] Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign the
Treaties of Velasco, ending the war.
[84]
While Texas had won their independence, political battles raged between two factions of the new Republic. The nationalist faction, led by
Mirabeau B. Lamar, advocated the continued independence of Texas, the expulsion of the
Native Americans, and the expansion of the Republic to the Pacific Ocean. Their opponents, led by Sam Houston, advocated the annexation of Texas to the United States and peaceful co-existence with Native Americans. The conflict between the factions was typified by an incident known as the
Texas Archive War.
[85] Mexico launched two small expeditions into Texas in 1842. The town of San Antonio was captured twice and Texans were defeated in battle in the
Dawson Massacre. Despite these successes, Mexico did not keep an occupying force in Texas, and the republic survived.
[86] The republic's inability to defend itself added momentum to Texas's eventual annexation into the United States.
Statehood
As early as 1837, the Republic made several attempts to negotiate
annexation with the United States.
[87] Opposition within the republic from the nationalist faction, along with strong
abolitionist opposition within the United States, slowed Texas's admission into the Union. Texas was finally
annexed when the expansionist
James K. Polk won the
election of 1844. On December 29, 1845,
Congress admitted Texas to the U.S. as a constituent
state of the Union.
[88]
After Texas's annexation, Mexico broke diplomatic relations with the United States. While the United States claimed that Texas's border stretched to the Rio Grande, Mexico claimed it was the
Nueces River. While the former Republic of Texas could not enforce its border claims, the United States had the military strength and the political will to do so. President Polk ordered General
Zachary Taylor south to the Rio Grande on January 13, 1846. A few months later Mexican troops routed an American cavalry patrol in the disputed area in the
Thornton Affair starting the
Mexican-American War. The first battles of the war were fought in Texas: the
Siege of Fort Texas,
Battle of Palo Alto and
Battle of Resaca de la Palma. After these decisive victories, the United States invaded Mexican territory ending the fighting in Texas.
[89]
After a series of United States victories, the
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the two year war. In return, for
US $18,250,000, Mexico gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, ceded the
Mexican Cession in 1848, most of which today is called the American Southwest, and Texas's borders were established at the Rio Grande.
[89]
The
Compromise of 1850 set Texas's boundaries at their present form. Texas ceded its claims to land which later became half of present day
New Mexico, a third of
Colorado, and small portions of
Kansas,
Oklahoma, and
Wyoming to the federal government, in return for the assumption of $10 million of the old republic's debt.
[14] Post-war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state.
[90]
Civil War and Reconstruction
Texas was at war again after the
election of 1860.
Abraham Lincoln's election triggered South Carolina's declaration of secession from the Union. A State Convention considering secession opened in Austin on January 28, 1861. On February 1, by a vote of 166–8, the Convention adopted an
Ordinance of Secession from the United States. Texas voters approved this Ordinance on February 23, 1861. Texas joined the Confederate States of America, ratifying the permanent
C.S. Constitution on March 23, 1861.
[3][91] Not all Texans favored secession initially, although many of the same would later support the Southern cause. Texas's most notable
unionist was the state Governor, Sam Houston. Not wanting to aggravate the situation further, Houston refused two offers from President Lincoln for Union troops to keep him in office. After refusing to swear an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy, Houston was deposed as governor.
[92]
While far from the
major battlefields of the
American Civil War, Texas contributed large numbers of men and equipment to the rest of the Confederacy.
[93] Union troops briefly
occupied the state's primary port, Galveston. Texas's border with Mexico was known as the "backdoor of the Confederacy" because trade occurred at the border, bypassing the Union blockade.
[94] The Confederacy repulsed all Union attempts to shut down this route,
[93] but Texas's role as a supply state was marginalized in mid-1863 after the Union capture of the
Mississippi River. The
final battle of the Civil War was fought near Brownsville Texas at
Palmito Ranch[95] with a confederate victory.
Texas descended into anarchy for two months between the
surrender of the
Army of Northern Virginia and the assumption of authority by Union General
Gordon Granger. Violence marked the early months of
Reconstruction.
[96] Juneteenth commemorates the announcement of the
Emancipation Proclamation in Galveston by General Gordon Granger, over two and a half years after the original announcement.
[97][98] President Johnson, in 1866, declared the civilian government restored in Texas.
[99] Despite not meeting reconstruction requirements, Congress readmitted Texas into the
Union in 1870. Social volatility continued as the state struggled with agricultural depression and labor issues.
[100]
20th century to present
On January 10, 1901, the first major
oil well in Texas,
Spindletop, was found south of
Beaumont. Other fields were later discovered nearby in
East Texas,
West Texas, and under the
Gulf of Mexico. The resulting "
Oil Boom" transformed Texas.
[101] Oil production eventually averaged three million barrels per day at its peak in 1972.
[102]
The Great Depression and the
Dust Bowl dealt a double blow to the state's economy, which had significantly improved since the Civil War. Migrants abandoned the worst hit sections of Texas during the Dust Bowl years. Especially from this period on, blacks left Texas in the
Great Migration to get work in the
Northern United States or
California and to escape the oppression of segregation.
[103]
World War II had a dramatic impact on Texas, as federal money poured in to build military bases, munitions factories, POW detention camps and Army hospitals; 750,000 young men left for service; the cities exploded with new industry; the colleges took on new roles; and hundreds of thousands of poor farmers left for much better paying war jobs, never to return to agriculture.
[104]
Texas modernized and expanded its
system of higher education through the 1960s. The state created a comprehensive plan for higher education, funded in large part by oil revenues, and a central state apparatus designed to manage state institutions more efficiently. These changes helped Texas universities receive federal research funds.
[105]
On November 22, 1963, president
John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas.
[106]
Government and politics
The current
Texas Constitution was adopted in 1876. Like many
states, it explicitly provides for a separation of powers. The state's Bill of Rights is much larger than its
federal counterpart, and has provisions unique to Texas.
[107]
State government
Texas has a plural
executive branch system limiting the power of the Governor. Except for the
Secretary of State, voters elect executive officers independently making candidates directly answerable to the public, not the Governor.
[108] This election system has led to some executive branches split between parties. When
Republican President
George W. Bush served as Texas's governor, the state had a
Democratic Lieutenant Governor,
Bob Bullock. The executive branch positions consist of the
Governor,
Lieutenant Governor, Comptroller of Public Accounts, Land Commissioner, Attorney General, Agriculture Commissioner, the three-member
Texas Railroad Commission, the State Board of Education, and the Secretary of State.
[108]
The
bicameral Texas Legislature consists of the
House of Representatives, with 150 members, and a
Senate, with 31 members. The
Speaker of the House leads the House, and the Lieutenant Governor, the Senate.
[109] The Legislature meets in regular session biennially, but the Governor can call for special sessions as often as desired.
[110] The state's
fiscal year spans from the previous calendar year's September 1 to the current year's August 31. Thus, the FY 2011 dates from September 1, 2010 through August 31, 2011.
The
judicial system of Texas is one of the most complex in the United States, with many layers and overlapping jurisdictions. Texas has two courts of last resort: the
Texas Supreme Court, for civil cases, and the
Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. Except for some municipal benches, partisan elections select judges at all levels of the judiciary; the Governor fills vacancies by appointment.
[111] Texas leads the nation in executions– 442 as of October 2009 (see
Capital punishment in Texas).
The
Texas Ranger Division of the
Texas Department of Public Safety is a
law enforcement agency with statewide
jurisdiction. Over the years, the Texas Rangers have investigated crimes ranging from murder to
political corruption. They have acted as
riot police and as detectives, protected the Texas governor, tracked down fugitives, and functioned as a
paramilitary force both for the republic and the state. The Texas Rangers were unofficially created by
Stephen F. Austin in 1823 and formally constituted in 1835. The Rangers were part of several important events of Texas history and some of the best-known criminal cases in the history of the
Old West.
[112]
Politics
Texas Presidential elections results
| Year | Republican | Democratic |
| 2008 | 55.48% 4,467,748 | 43.72% 3,521,164 |
| 2004 | 61.09% 4,526,917 | 38.30% 2,832,704 |
| 2000 | 59.30% 3,799,639 | 38.11% 2,433,746 |
| 1996 | 48.80% 2,736,166 | 43.81% 2,459,683 |
| 1992 | 40.61% 2,496,071 | 37.11% 2,281,815 |
| 1988 | 56.01% 3,036,829 | 43.41% 2,352,748 |
| 1984 | 63.58% 3,433,428 | 36.18% 1,949,276 |
| 1980 | 55.30% 2,510,705 | 41.51% 1,881,148 |
As in other "
Solid South" states, whites resented the Republican Party after the American Civil War, and the Democratic Party dominated
Texas politics from the end of
Reconstruction until the late 20th century. The state has since become a Republican stronghold.
[113]
The Texas political atmosphere leans towards
fiscal and
social conservatism.
[114][115] Since 1980, most Texas voters have supported Republican presidential candidates. In 2000 and 2004, Republican
George W. Bush won Texas with 60.1% of the vote, partly due to his "favorite son" status as a former Governor of the state.
John McCain won the state in
2008, but with a smaller margin of victory compared to Bush at 55% of the vote. Austin consistently leans Democratic in both local and statewide elections. Counties along the Rio Grande generally vote for Democrats, while most rural and suburban areas of Texas vote Republican.
[116][117]
The
2003 Texas redistricting of Congressional districts led by the Republican
Tom Delay, was called by the
New York Times "an extreme case of partisan
gerrymandering".
[118] A group of Democratic legislators, the "
Texas Eleven", fled the state in a
quorum-busting effort.
[119] Despite these efforts, the legislature passed a map heavily in favor of Republicans. Protests of the redistricting reached the national
Supreme Court in the case
League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry, but the ruling went in the Republicans' favor.
[120]
As of the
general elections of 2008, a large majority of the members of Texas's
U.S. House delegation are
Republican, along with both
U.S. Senators. In the
111th United States Congress, of the 32
Congressional districts in Texas, 20 are held by Republicans and 12 by Democrats. Texas's Senators are
Kay Bailey Hutchison and
John Cornyn. Since 1994, Texans have not elected a Democrat to a statewide office. The state's Democratic presence comes primarily from some
minority groups and urban voters, particularly in El Paso, Austin, San Antonio, Dallas, and Houston.
Administrative divisions
Texas has 254
counties— the most nationwide. Each county runs on
Commissioners' Court system consisting of four elected commissioners (one from each of four precincts in the county, roughly divided according to population) and a county judge elected at large from the entire county. County government runs similar to a "weak"
mayor-council system; the county judge has no veto authority, but votes along with the other commissioners.
Although Texas permits cities and counties to enter "interlocal agreements" to share services, the state does not allow
consolidated city-county governments, nor does it have
metropolitan governments. Counties are not granted
home rule status; their powers are strictly defined by state law. The state does not have
townships— areas within a county are either incorporated or unincorporated. Incorporated areas are part of a municipality. The county provides limited services to unincorporated areas. Municipalities are classified either "general law" cities or "home rule".
[121] A municipality may elect home rule status once it exceeds 5,000 population with voter approval. Municipal elections are
nonpartisan[122] as are elections for school boards and community college districts.
Economy
As of 2008, Texas had a
gross state product (GSP) of $1.224 trillion, the
second highest in the U.S.
[123][124] Its GSP is
comparable to the GDP of India or Canada which are ranked 12th and 11th worldwide. Texas's economy is the fourth largest in the world of
country subdivisions behind England (as part of the UK), California and
Tokyo Prefecture. Its
Per Capita personal income in 2009 was $36,484, ranking 29th in the nation. Texas's large population, abundance of natural resources, and diverse population and geography have led to a large and diverse economy. Since oil was discovered, the state's economy has reflected the state of the
petroleum industry. In recent times, urban centers of the state have increased in size, containing two-thirds of the population in 2005. The state's economic growth has led to
urban sprawl and its associated symptoms.
[125]
As of January 2010, the states unemployment rate is 8.2%.
[126]
Texas has a "low taxes, low services" reputation.
[114] According to the
Tax Foundation, Texans' state and local tax burdens rank among the lowest in the nation, 7th lowest nationally; state and local taxes cost $3,580 per capita, or 8.4% of resident incomes.
[127] Texas is one of seven states that lack a
state income tax.
[127][128] Instead, the state collects revenue from a state
sales tax, which is charged at the rate of 6.25%,
[127] but local taxing jurisdictions (cities, counties, special purpose districts, and transit authorities) may also impose sales and use tax up to 2% for a total maximum combined rate of 8.25%.
[129] Texas is a "tax donor state"; in 2005, for every dollar Texans paid to the federal government in
federal income taxes, the state received approximately $0.94 in benefits.
[127]
In 2004,
Site Selection Magazine ranked Texas as the most business-friendly state in the nation in part because of the state's three-billion-dollar
Texas Enterprise Fund.
[130] The state shares the most
Fortune 500 company headquarters along with, California, in the United States.
[131][132]
In 2010, there were 346,000 millionaires in the state, second highest in the nation.
[133][134]
Agriculture and mining
Cotton modules after being harvested in West Texas
Texas has the most farms and the highest acreage in the United States.
[135] Texas leads the nation in livestock production.
[135] Cattle is the state's most valuable agricultural product, and the state leads nationally in production of sheep and goat products. Texas leads the nation in production of cotton.
[135] The state grows significant amounts of cereal crops and produce.
[135] Texas has a large commercial fishing industry. With mineral resources, Texas leads in creating cement, crushed stone, lime, salt, sand and gravel.
[135]
Energy
Ever since the discovery of oil at
Spindletop, energy has been a dominant force politically and economically within the state.
[136] According to the
Energy Information Administration, Texans consume the most energy in the nation per capita and as a whole.
[137] Unlike the rest of the nation, most of Texas is on its own
alternating current power grid, the
Texas Interconnection. Texas has a
deregulated electric service.
The
Railroad Commission of Texas, contrary to its name, regulates the state's
oil and gas industry, gas utilities, pipeline safety, safety in the
liquefied petroleum gas industry, and surface
coal and
uranium mining. Until the 1970s, the commission controlled the price of petroleum because of its ability to regulate Texas's oil reserves. The founders of the
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) used the Texas agency as one of their models for petroleum price control.
[138]
Texas has known petroleum deposits of about 5 billion barrels (790,000,000 m
3), which makes up approximately one-fourth of the known U.S. reserves.
[137] The state's
refineries can process 4.6 million barrels (730,000 m
3) of oil a day.
[137] The
Baytown Refinery in the Houston area is the largest refinery in America.
[137] Texas also leads in
natural gas production, producing one-fourth of the nation's supply.
[137] Several
petroleum companies are based in Texas such as:
Conoco-Phillips,
Exxon-Mobil,
Halliburton,
Valero, and
Marathon Oil.
The state is a leader in
renewable energy sources; it produces the most
wind power in the nation.
[137][139] The
Roscoe Wind Farm in
Roscoe, Texas, is the world's largest
wind farm as of October 2009 with a 781.5
megawatt (MW) capacity.
[140] The Energy Information Administration states that the state's large agriculture and forestry industries could give Texas an enormous amount
biomass for use in biofuels. The state also has the highest
solar power potential for development in the nation.
[137]
Technology
With large universities systems coupled with initiatives like the Texas Enterprise Fund and the
Texas Emerging Technology Fund, a wide array of different
high tech industries have developed in Texas. The Austin area is nicknamed the "Silicon Hills" and the north Dallas area the "
Silicon Prairie". Texas has the headquarters of many high technology companies, such as
Dell, Inc.,
Texas Instruments,
Perot Systems,
AT&T and
Electronic Data Systems (EDS, acquired by Hewlett-Packard, August 2008), as well as the former headquarters of Compaq Computer Corp, which exists today as the largest campus of Hewlett-Packard (headquartered in CA).
The
National Aeronautics and Space Administration's
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (NASA JSC) located in Southeast Houston, sits as the crown jewel of Texas's aeronautics industry.
Fort Worth hosts both
Lockheed Martin's
Aeronautics division and
Bell Helicopter Textron.
[141][142] Lockheed builds the
F-16 Fighting Falcon, the largest Western fighter program, and its successor, the
F-35 Lightning II in Fort Worth.
[143]
Commerce
Texas's
affluence stimulates a strong commercial sector consisting of retail, wholesale, banking and insurance, and construction industries. Examples of Fortune 500 companies not based on Texas traditional industries are:
AT&T,
Men's Warehouse,
Landry's Restaurants,
Kimberly-Clark,
Blockbuster,
Whole Foods Market, and
Tenet Healthcare.
[144] Nationally, the Dallas–Fort Worth area, home to the
second shopping mall in the United States, has the most
shopping malls per capita of any American metropolitan area.
[145]
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) contributes to Mexico, the state's largest trading partner, importing a third of the state's exports. NAFTA has encouraged the formation of controversial
maquiladoras on the Texas/Mexico border.
[146]
Demographics
Texas population density map
As of 2009, the state has an estimated population of 24,782,406, an increase of 1.97% from the prior year and 16.1% since the year 2000.
[147] The state's
rate of natural increase (births and deaths) since the last census was 1,389,275 people,
immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 801,576 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 451,910 people.
[3] As of 2004, the state had 3.5 million foreign-born residents (15.6 percent of the state population), of which an estimated 1.2 million are
illegal aliens. Texas from 2000–2006 had the fastest growing illegal immigration rate in the nation.
[148] In 2010, illegal aliens constituted an estimated 6.0% of the population. This was the fifth highest percentage of any state in the country.
[149][150]
Texas's population density is 34.8 persons/km
2 which is slightly higher than the average
population density of the US as a whole, at 31 persons/km
2. In contrast, while Texas and France are similarly sized geographically, the European country has a population density of 116 persons/km
2.
Two-thirds of all Texans live in a major metropolitan area such as Houston. The Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan Area is the largest in Texas. While Houston is the largest city in Texas and the fourth largest city in the United States, the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area is considerably larger than that of Houston.
| Historical populations |
| Census | Pop. |
| %± |
| 1850 | 212,592 |
|
— |
| 1860 | 604,215 |
| 184.2% |
| 1870 | 818,579 |
| 35.5% |
| 1880 | 1,591,749 |
| 94.5% |
| 1890 | 2,235,527 |
| 40.4% |
| 1900 | 3,048,710 |
| 36.4% |
| 1910 | 3,896,542 |
| 27.8% |
| 1920 | 4,663,228 |
| 19.7% |
| 1930 | 5,824,715 |
| 24.9% |
| 1940 | 6,414,824 |
| 10.1% |
| 1950 | 7,711,194 |
| 20.2% |
| 1960 | 9,579,677 |
| 24.2% |
| 1970 | 11,196,730 |
| 16.9% |
| 1980 | 14,229,191 |
| 27.1% |
| 1990 | 16,986,510 |
| 19.4% |
| 2000 | 20,851,820 |
| 22.8% |
| 2010 | 25,145,561 |
| 20.6% |
Racial groups and ethnic origins
According to the 2006–2008
American Community Survey, the racial and ethnic composition of Texas was the following:
White Americans are the racial majority in Texas. However, non-Hispanic whites represent roughly 48% of the population; therefore, Texas is a
minority-majority state. Just over 17,020,000 Texans are white (both non-Hispanic and Hispanic), and roughly 11.4 million are non-Hispanic whites.
German,
Irish, and
English Americans are the three largest European ancestry groups in Texas. German Americans make up 11.3% of the population, and number over 2.7 million members. Irish Americans make up 8.2% of the population, and number over 1.9 million members. English Americans make up 7.7% of the population, and number over 1.8 million members. There are roughly 600,000
French Americans and 472,000
Italian Americans residing in Texas; these two ethnic groups make up 2.5% and 2.0% of the population respectively.
Black Americans are the largest racial minority in Texas. Blacks of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin make up 11.5% of the population; blacks of non-Hispanic origin form 11.3% of the populace. Black Americans of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin number at roughly 2.7 million individuals.
Native Americans are a smaller minority in the state. Native Americans make up 0.5% of Texas' population, and number over 118,000 individuals. Native Americans of non-Hispanic origin make up 0.3% of the population, and number over 75,000 individuals.
Cherokee Indians made up 0.1% of the population, and numbered over 19,400 members. In contrast, only 583 were identified as
Chippewa.
Asian Americans are a sizable minority group in Texas. Americans of Asian descent form 3.4% of the population, with those of non-Hispanic descent making up 3.3% of the populace. Altogether, they number over 808,000 individuals. Non-Hispanic Asians number over 795,000. Just over 200,000
Indians make Texas their home. Texas is also home to over 187,000
Vietnamese and 136,000
Chinese. In addition to 92,000
Filipinos and 62,000
Koreans, there are 18,000
Japanese Americans living in the state. Lastly, over 111,000 people are of other Asian ancestry groups, such as
Cambodian,
Thai, and
Hmong.
Americans with origins from the Pacific are the smallest minority in Texas. According to the survey, only 18,000 Texans are Pacific Islanders; 16,400 are of non-Hispanic descent. There are roughly 5,400
Native Hawaiians, 5,300 Guamanians, and 6,400 people from other groups.
Samoan Americans were very scant; only 941 people were from this group.
Multiracial individuals are also a visible minority in Texas. People of multiracial heritage form 1.9% of the population, and number over 448,000 people. Almost 80,000 Texans claim European and African heritage, and make up 0.3% of the population. People of European and Native American heritage number over 108,800 (close to the number of Native Americans), and make up 0.5% of the population. People of European and Asian heritage number over 57,600, and form just 0.2% of the population. People of African and Native American heritage were even smaller in number (15,300), and make up just 0.1% of the total population.
Hispanics and Latinos are the second largest group in Texas after non-Hispanic
European Americans. Over 8.5 million people claim Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This group forms 36% of Texas' population. People of
Mexican descent alone number over 7.3 million, and make up 30.7% of the population. Over 104,000
Puerto Ricans live in the state. Roughly 38,000
Cubans reside in the state. Over 1.1 million people (4.7% of the population) are of varying Hispanic and Latino ancestries, such as
Costa Rican,
Venezuelan, and
Argentine.
[151][152]
German descendants inhabit much of central and southeast-central Texas. Over one-third of Texas residents are of Hispanic origin;
[153] while many have recently arrived, some
Tejanos have ancestors with multi-generational ties to 18th century Texas. In addition to the descendants of the state's former slave population, many African American college graduates have come to the state for work recently in the
New Great Migration.
[154] Recently, the Asian population in Texas has grown—primarily in Houston and Dallas. Other communities with a significantly growing Asian American population is in Austin, Corpus Christi, and the Sharyland area next
McAllen, Texas. Currently, three federally recognized Native American tribes reside in Texas: the
Alabama-Coushatta Tribe, the
Kickapoo Traditional Tribe, and the
Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo.
[34]
Based on Census Bureau data released at Medio February 2011, for the first time in recent history, Texas' white population is below 50 percent (45 percent) and Hispanics grew to 38 percent. Between 2000 and 2010, the total population growth by 20.6 percent, but Hispanics growth by 65 percent, whereas non-Hispanic whites only grew by 4.2 percent.
[155]
Religion
The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2000 were the
Roman Catholic Church with 4,368,969; the
Southern Baptist Convention with 3,519,459; and the
United Methodist Church with 1,022,342.
[157]
Known as the "buckle" of the
Bible Belt, East Texas is socially conservative.
[158] Dallas-Fort Worth is home to three major evangelical seminaries and a host of monasteries.
Lakewood Church in Houston, boasts the largest attendance in the nation averaging more than 43,000 weekly.
[159] Lubbock, according to local lore, has the most churches per capita in the nation.
[158]
Adherents of many non-Christian religions reside predominantly in the urban centers of Texas. The
Jewish population stands at around 128,000.
[160] Approximately 146,000 adherents of non-
Abrahamic religions such as
Hinduism and
Sikhism live in Texas.
[161]
Cities and towns
The state has three cities with populations exceeding one million: Houston, San Antonio, and Dallas.
[162] These three rank among the 10 most populous cities of the United States. As of 2000, six Texas cities had populations greater than 500,000 people. Austin, Fort Worth, and El Paso are among the 25
largest U.S. cities. Texas has four
metropolitan areas with populations greater than a million:
Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington,
Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown,
San Antonio–New Braunfels, and
Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos. The Dallas–Fort Worth and Houston metropolitan areas number about 6.3 million and 5.7 million residents, respectively. Three
interstate highways –
I-35 to the west (Dallas–Fort Worth to San Antonio, with Austin in between),
I-45 to the east (Dallas to Houston), and
I-10 to the south (San Antonio to Houston) define the
Texas Urban Triangle region. The region of 60,000 square miles (160,000 km
2) contains most of the state's largest cities and metropolitan areas as well as 17 million people, nearly 75 percent of Texas's total population.
[163] Dallas and Houston have been recognized as beta
world cities.
[164] These cities are spread out amongst the state. Texas has
254 counties, which is more than any state by 95. (Georgia)
[165]
In contrast to the cities, unincorporated rural settlements known as
colonias often lack basic
infrastructure and are marked by
poverty.
[166] As of 2007, Texas had at least 2,294 colonias, located primarily along the state's 1,248-mile (2,008 km) border with Mexico.
[166] Texas has the largest concentration of people, approximately 400,000, living in colonias.
Culture
The Alamo is one of the most recognized symbols of Texas.
Historically, Texas culture comes from a blend of Southwestern (Mexican), Southern (Dixie), and Western (frontier) influences. A popular food item, the
breakfast burrito, draws from all three influences, having a soft flour tortilla wrapped around bacon and scrambled eggs or other hot, cooked fillings. Adding to Texas's traditional culture, established in the 18th and 19th centuries, immigration has made Texas a
melting pot of cultures from around the world.
Arts
Houston is one of only five American cities with permanent professional resident companies in all of the major performing arts disciplines: the
Houston Grand Opera, the
Houston Symphony Orchestra, the
Houston Ballet, and
The Alley Theatre.
[167] Known for the vibrancy of its
visual and
performing arts, the
Houston Theatre District— a 17-block area in the heart of
Downtown Houston— ranks second in the country in the number of theater seats in a concentrated downtown area, with 12,948 seats for live performances and 1,480 movie seats.
[167]
Founded in 1892,
Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, also called "The Modern", is Texas's oldest art museum. Fort Worth also has the
Kimbell Art Museum, the
Amon Carter Museum, the
National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame, the
Will Rogers Memorial Center, and the
Bass Performance Hall downtown. The
Arts District of
Downtown Dallas has arts venues such as the
Dallas Museum of Art, the
Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center,
the Margot and Bill Winspear Opera House,
the Trammell & Margaret Crow Collection of Asian Art, and the
Nasher Sculpture Center.
[168]
The
Deep Ellum district within Dallas became popular during the 1920s and 1930s as the prime
jazz and
blues hotspot in the Southern United States. The name Deep Ellum comes from local people pronouncing "Deep Elm" as "Deep Ellum".
[169] Artists such as
Blind Lemon Jefferson,
Robert Johnson, Huddie "
Leadbelly" Ledbetter, and
Bessie Smith played in early Deep Ellum clubs.
[170]
Austin,
The Live Music Capital of the World, boasts "more live music venues per capita than such music hotbeds as Nashville, Memphis, Los Angeles, Las Vegas or New York City."
[171] The city's music revolves around the
nightclubs on
6th Street; events like the film, music, and
multimedia festival
South by Southwest; the longest-running concert music program on American television,
Austin City Limits; and the
Austin City Limits Music Festival held in
Zilker Park.
[172]
Since 1980, San Antonio has evolved into the "The
Tejano Music Capital Of The World."
[173] The
Tejano Music Awards have provided a forum to create greater awareness and appreciation for Tejano music and culture.
[174]
Sports
While
American football has long been considered "king" in the state, Texans today enjoy a wide variety of sports.
[175]
Texans can cheer for a plethora of
professional sports teams. Within the
"Big Four" professional leagues, Texas has two
NFL teams (the
Dallas Cowboys and the
Houston Texans), two
Major League Baseball teams (the
Texas Rangers and the
Houston Astros), three
NBA teams (the
Houston Rockets, the
San Antonio Spurs, and the
Dallas Mavericks), and one National Hockey League team (the
Dallas Stars). The
Dallas – Fort Worth Metroplex is one of only
thirteen American metropolitan areas that hosts sports teams from all the "Big Four" professional leagues. Outside of the "Big Four" leagues, Texas also has one
WNBA team (the
San Antonio Silver Stars) and two
Major League Soccer teams (the
Houston Dynamo and
FC Dallas).
Collegiate athletics have deep significance in Texas culture, especially
football. The state has ten
Division I-FBS schools, the most in the nation. Four of the state's universities, the
Baylor Bears,
Texas Longhorns,
Texas A&M Aggies, and
Texas Tech Red Raiders, compete in the
Big 12 Conference. Also, four of the state's schools, the
Texas Longhorns, the
Texas A&M Aggies, the
TCU Horned Frogs, and the
SMU Mustangs claim at least one national championship in the sport.
According to a survey of Division I-A coaches the
rivalry between the
University of Oklahoma and the University of Texas, the
Red River Shootout, ranks the third best in the nation.
[176] A fierce rivalry, the
Lone Star Showdown, also exists between the state's two largest universities, Texas A&M University and the University of Texas.
The
TCU Horned Frogs and
SMU Mustangs also share a rivalry and compete annually in the
Battle for the Iron Skillet.
The
University Interscholastic League (UIL) organizes most primary and secondary school competitions. Events organized by UIL include contests in athletics (the most popular being
high school football) as well as artistic and academic subjects.
[177]
Texans also enjoy the
rodeo. The world's first rodeo was hosted in
Pecos, Texas.
[178] The annual
Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo is the largest rodeo in the world. It begins with trail rides that originate from several points throughout the state that convene at
Reliant Park.
[179] The
Southwestern Exposition and Livestock Show in Fort Worth is the oldest continuously running rodeo incorporating many of the state's most historic traditions into its annual events. Dallas hosts the
State Fair of Texas each year at
Fair Park.
[180]
From 2012 Austin will play host to a round of the
Formula 1 World Championship
[181] – the first at a permanent road circuit in the United States since the
1980 Grand Prix at
Watkins Glen International
Education
The second
president of the Republic of Texas,
Mirabeau B. Lamar, is the
Father of Texas Education. During his term, the state set aside three
leagues of land in each county for equipping public schools. An additional 50 leagues of land set aside for the support of two universities would later become the basis of the state's
Permanent University Fund.
[182] Lamar's actions set the foundation for a Texas-wide public school system.
[183] Texas ranked 29th in the
American Legislative Exchange Council's Report Card on American Education. Texas students ranked higher than average in mathematics, but lower in reading. Between 2006–2007, Texas spent $7,275 per pupil ranking it below the national average of $9,389. The pupil/teacher ratio was 14.9, below the national average of 15.3. Texas paid instructors $41,744, below the national average of $46,593. The state provided 88.0% of the funding for education, the federal government 12.0%.
[184]
The
Texas Education Agency (TEA) administers the state's public school systems. Texas has
over 1,000 school districts- all districts except the
Stafford Municipal School District are independent from
municipal government and many cross city boundaries.
[185] School districts have the power to
tax their residents and to assert
eminent domain over privately owned property. Due to court-mandated equitable school financing for school districts, the state has a controversial tax redistribution system called the"
Robin Hood plan". This plan transfers property tax revenue from wealthy school districts to poor ones.
[186] The TEA has no authority over
private or
home school activities.
[187]
Students in Texas take the
Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) in
primary and
secondary school. TAKS assess students' attainment of
reading,
writing,
mathematics,
science, and
social studies skills required under Texas education standards and the
No Child Left Behind Act. In spring 2007, Texas legislators replaced the TAKS for freshmen in the 2011–2012 school year and onward with End of Course exams for core high school classes.
[188]
Colleges and universities
Texas's controversial alternative
affirmative action plan,
Texas House Bill 588, guarantees Texas students who graduated in the
top 10 percent of their high school class automatic admission to state-funded universities. The bill encourages
diversity while avoiding problems stemming from the
Hopwood v. Texas (1996) case.
Six
state university systems and four independent public universities exist in Texas.
[189][190] Discovery of minerals on
Permanent University Fund land, particularly oil, has helped fund the rapid growth the state's largest university systems:
University of Texas and
Texas A&M. The PUF principal in fall 2005 was approximately $15 billion, second in size only to
Harvard University's endowment.
[182][191] The other four university systems are the
University of Houston,
University of North Texas,
Texas State, and
Texas Tech.
Texas has three Carnegie-designated Tier One public research universities:
The University of Texas at Austin,
Texas A&M University, and the
University of Houston.
[192][193][194][195] The University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University are flagship universities of the state of Texas. Both were established by the
Texas Constitution and hold stakes in the Permanent University Fund. The state has been putting effort to expand the number of flagship universities by elevating some of its seven institutions designated as "emerging research universities." The two that are expected to emerge first are the University of Houston and Texas Tech University, likely in that order according to the discussion on the House floor of the Texas Legislature.
[196]
Texas has many private institutions ranging from liberal arts colleges to nationally recognized tier one research universities.
Rice University in Houston is one of the leading teaching and research universities of the United States and is ranked the nation's 17th-best overall university by
U.S. News & World Report.
[197] The former republic chartered the private universities
Baylor University,
University of Mary Hardin–Baylor, and
Southwestern University.
[198][199]
Universities in Texas currently host two
presidential libraries:
George Bush Presidential Library at Texas A&M University and the
Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum at The University of Texas at Austin. An agreement has been reached to create a third; the
George W. Bush Presidential Library at Southern Methodist University.
Healthcare
The Commonwealth Fund ranks the Texas
healthcare system the third worst in the nation.
[200] Texas ranks close to last in access to healthcare, quality of care, avoidable hospital spending, and equity among various groups.
[200] Causes of the state's poor rankings include politics, a high poverty rate, and the highest rate of illegal immigration in the nation.
[148] In May 2006, Texas initiated the program "code red" in response to the report that the state had 25.1% of the population without health insurance, the largest proportion in the nation.
[201] Texas also has controversial
non-economic damages caps for
medical malpractice lawsuits, set at $250,000, in an attempt to "curb rising malpractice premiums, and control escalating healthcare costs".
[202]
The
Trust for America's Health ranked Texas 15th highest in adult
obesity, with 27.2% of the state's population
measured as obese.
[203] The 2008
Men's Health obesity survey ranked four Texas cities among the top 25 fattest cities in America; Houston ranked 6th, Dallas 7th, El Paso 8th, and
Arlington 14th.
[204] Texas had only one city, Austin, ranked 21st, in the top 25 among the "fittest cities" in America.
[204] The same survey has evaluated the state's obesity initiatives favorably with a "B+".
[204] The state is ranked forty-second in the percentage of residents who engage in regular
exercise.
[205]
Medical research
Aerial of Texas Medical Center in Houston
Many elite research medical centers are located in Texas. The state has nine
medical schools,
[206] three dental schools,
[207] and one
optometry school.
[208] Texas has two
Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) laboratories: one at
The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) in Galveston,
[209] and the other at the
Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research in San Antonio—the first privately owned BSL-4 lab in the United States.
[210]
The
Texas Medical Center in Houston, holds the world's largest concentration of
research and
healthcare institutions, with 47 member institutions.
[211] Texas Medical Center performs the most heart transplants in the world.
[212] The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston is a highly regarded academic institution that centers around cancer patient care, research, education and prevention.
[213]
San Antonio's
South Texas Medical Center facilities rank sixth in clinical medicine research impact in the United States.
[214] The
University of Texas Health Science Center is another highly ranked research and educational institution in San Antonio.
[215][216]
Both the
American Heart Association and the
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center call Dallas home. The Southwestern Medical Center ranks "among the top academic medical centers in the world".
[217] The
institution's medical school employs the most medical school
Nobel laureates in the world.
[217][218]
Transportation
Texans have historically had difficulties traversing Texas due to the state's large size and rough terrain. Texas has compensated by building both America's largest
highway and railway systems in terms of length, as well as the largest number of airports.
[219] The
regulatory authority, the
Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) maintains the state's immense highway system, regulates
aviation,
[220] and
public transportation systems.
[221] Located centrally in North America, the state is an important
transportation hub. From the Dallas/Fort Worth area, trucks can reach 93% of the nation's population within 48 hours, and 37% within 24 hours.
[222] Texas has 33
foreign trade zones (FTZ), the most in the nation.
[223] In 2004, a combined total of $298 billion of goods passed though Texas FTZs.
[223]
Highways
Texans have heavily traveled their
freeways since the 1948 opening of the
Gulf Freeway in Houston.
[224] As of 2005, 79,535 miles (127,999 km) of public highway crisscrossed Texas (up from 71,000 miles (114,263 km) in 1984).
[225] To fund recent growth in the state highways, Texas has 17 toll roads (see
list) with several additional
tollways proposed.
[226] In west Texas, both
I-10 and
I-20 have speed limits of
80 miles per hour (130 km/h), the highest in the nation.
[227] All federal and state highways in Texas are paved.
In March 2011, Texas ranked as a bottom-ten "Worst" state (tied with
Montana and
North Dakota) in the American State Litter Scorecard, presented at the
American Society for Public Administration national conference. Public roadways in the Lone Star State suffer from an overall poor quality of landscape cleanliness, attributed to ineffective roadside and adjacent property litter/debris abatement standards, seemingly politicized procedural efforts, and other relevant public performance indicators.
[228]
Airports
Texas has the most airports of any state in the nation.
[219] Largest in Texas by size and passengers served,
Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) is the second largest by area in the United States, and fourth in the world with 18,076 acres (73.15 km
2).
[229] In traffic, DFW is the busiest in the state and the fourth in the United States,
[230] and sixth worldwide with 26,663,984 passengers annually.
[231] AMR Corporation's
American /
American Eagle, the world's largest airline in total passengers-miles transported
[232] and passenger fleet size,
[233] uses DFW as its largest and main
hub.
Southwest Airlines, also headquartered in Dallas, has its operations currently at
Dallas Love Field.
[234] It ranks as the largest airline in the United States by number of passengers carried domestically per year and the
largest airline in the world by number of passengers carried.
[235]
Texas's second-largest air facility is Houston's
George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH) with. It serves as Houston based
Continental Airlines's largest hub. IAH offers service to the most Mexican destinations of any U.S. airport.
[236][237] The next four largest airports in the state all serve over 4 million passengers annually; they include:
Austin-Bergstrom International Airport,
William P. Hobby Airport,
San Antonio International Airport, and
Dallas Love Field. The smallest airport in the state to be designated an international airport is
Del Rio International Airport.
Ports
Over 1,000
seaports dot Texas's coast with over 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of
channels.
[238] Ports employ nearly one-million people and handle an average of 317 million
metric tons.
[239] Texas ports connect with the rest of the U.S. Atlantic seaboard with the
Gulf section of the
Intracoastal Waterway.
[238] The
Port of Houston today is the busiest port in the United States in foreign tonnage, second in overall tonnage, and
tenth worldwide in tonnage.
[240] The
Houston Ship Channel currently spans 530 feet (160 m) wide by 45 feet (14 m) deep by 50 miles (80 km) long.
[241]
Railroads
Part of the state's
tradition originates from
cattle drives in which
wranglers herded livestock to
railroads in Kansas. The first railroad to operate in Texas was the
Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway, opening in August 1853.
[242] The first railroad to enter Texas from the north, completed in 1872, was the
Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad.
[243] Since 1911, Texas has led the nation in railroad length. Texas railway length peaked in 1932 at 17,078 miles (27,484 km), but declined to 14,006 miles (22,540 km) by 2000.
[219] While the
Railroad Commission of Texas originally regulated state railroads, in 2005 the state reassigned these duties to TxDOT.
[244]
Both Dallas and Houston feature
light rail systems.
Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) built the first light rail system in the
Southwest United States.
[245] The
Trinity Railway Express (TRE)
commuter rail service that links Fort Worth and Dallas is provided by the
Fort Worth Transportation Authority (the T) and DART.
[246] In the Austin area
Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates a commuter rail service known as
Capital MetroRail to the northwestern suburbs. The
Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas (METRO) operates light rail lines in the Houston area.
Amtrak provides Texas limited intercity passenger rail service both in size and frequency. Just three scheduled routes serve the state: the daily
Texas Eagle (Chicago–San Antonio); the tri-weekly
Sunset Limited (New Orleans–Los Angeles), with stops in Texas; and the daily
Heartland Flyer (Fort Worth–Oklahoma City).
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