| Disputed islands | |
|---|---|
| Geography | |
  Serranilla Bank (Colombia) | |
| Location | Caribbean Sea |
| Coordinates | 15°50′N 79°50′W / 15.833°N 79.833°WCoordinates: 15°50′N 79°50′W / 15.833°N 79.833°W [1] |
| Total islands | 4 |
| Major islands | Beacon Cay |
| Administered by | |
 Colombia | |
| Department | San Andrés and Providencia |
| Claimed by | |
 Honduras | |
 Nicaragua | |
 United States | |
| Territory | unorganized, unincorporated |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 0 |
Serranilla Bank (Spanish: Isla Serranilla or Banco Serranilla) is a partially submerged reef, with small uninhabited islets, in the western Caribbean Sea. It is situated about 350 kilometres (217 miles) northeast of Punta Gorda, Nicaragua, and roughly 280 kilometres (170 miles) southwest of Jamaica.[1] The closest neighbouring land feature is Bajo Nuevo Bank, located 110 km to the east.
Serranilla Bank was first shown on Spanish maps in 1510. It is administered by Colombia as part of the department of San Andrés and Providencia.[2][3] Although the bank is currently occupied by Colombia, it is subject to a sovereignty dispute involving Honduras, Nicaragua and the United States.
Contents[hide] |
[edit] Geography
Serranilla Bank is a former atoll, now a mostly submerged carbonate platform consisting of shallow reef environments. It is about 40 km in length and 32 km in width, covering an area of over 1200 km2, almost entirely under water. Several very small cays emerge above the water to form the bank's islands. These are West Breaker, Middle Cay, East Cay and Beacon Cay.[4] They are largely barren, with sparse vegetation of bushes and some trees. Most of the reef is drying and many shipwrecks are located in its vicinity.[5]
Beacon Cay is the largest islet in the Bank. It is overbuilt with small military facilities, which house a small rotating garrison of Colombian naval personnel. There is a lighthouse on a coral ledge in the southwest approach to the bank. It is a 33 m (108 ft) tall skeletal tower built atop a 3-storey crew residence. The lamp emits a focal plane beam of light as two white flashes every 20 seconds. The current lighthouse was first erected in 1982,[6] and was reconstructed in May 2008 by the Colombian Ministry of Defence. It is currently maintained by the Colombian Navy, and overseen by the state's Maritime Authority.[4][7][8]
[edit] Territorial dispute
Serranilla is the subject of conflicting claims made by a number of sovereign states. In most cases, the dispute stems from attempts by a state to expand its exclusive economic zone over the surrounding seas.
Between 1982 and 1986, Colombia maintained a formal agreement with Jamaica which granted regulated fishing rights to Jamaican vessels within the territorial waters of Serranilla Bank and nearby Bajo Nuevo Bank.[9][10] In November 1993, the two states agreed upon a maritime delimitation treaty establishing a "Joint Regime Area" to cooperatively manage and exploit living and non-living resources in designated waters between the two banks.[11] However, the territorial waters immediately surrounding the cays themselves were excluded from the zone of joint-control, as Colombia considers these areas to be part of her coastal waters.[12][13] The agreement came into force in March 1994.[10]
Nicaragua lays claim to all the islands on its continental shelf,[14] covering an area of over 50,000 km2 in the Caribbean Sea, including the Serranilla Bank and all islands associated with the San Andrés and Providencia archipelagoes. It has persistently pursued this claim against Colombia in the International Court of Justice (ICJ), filing cases in both 2001 and 2007.[15][16]
The United States claim was made in the 19th century by James W. Jennett[17] under the provisions of the Guano Islands Act.[18] Most claims made by the U.S. over the guano islands in this region were officially renounced in a treaty with Colombia, dated September 1972.[19] But whether or not Serranilla Bank was included in the agreement is disputed—there is no specific mention of the feature in the treaty and, as per Article 7 of the said treaty, only matters specifically mentioned in the document are subject to it. According to other records, as well as claims made within the ICJ, Colombia is recognised by the United States as having varying degrees of sovereignty over Serranilla Bank through the treaty of 1972, which took effect in September 1981.[14][20] The U.S. considers the reef to be an unorganized, unincorporated United States territory.[18][21]
Honduras claims Serranilla Bank as part of its national territory in Article 10 of its Constitution.[22] In 1986, it agreed upon a maritime boundary demarcation with Colombia that excluded Honduras of any control over the bank or its surrounding waters.[3][23] The ratification of this boundary on 20 December 1999[24] proved to be controversial within Honduras, as it ensured that the state implicitly recognised Colombia's sovereignty over the claimed territory.[25] Nicaragua, which has not resolved its maritime borders with Honduras or Colombia, disputed Honduras' legal right to hand over these areas before the ICJ.[14][26] Despite the agreement with Colombia, however, the government has yet to officially renounce the claim in the Constitution.
(copy of wikipedia)
No comments:
Post a Comment