Karachay-Cherkess Republic (Russian: Карача́ево-Черке́сская Pеспу́блика, Karachayevo-Cherkesskaya Respublika; Karachay-Balkar: Къарачай-Черкес Республика; Kabardian: Къэрэшей-Шэрджэс Республикэ), or Karachay-Cherkessia (Карача́ево-Черке́ссия, Karachayevo-Cherkessiya) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic).
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[edit] Geography
- Area: 14,100 km2 (5,400 sq mi)
- Borders:
- internal: Krasnodar Krai (N/NE/E), Kabardino-Balkar Republic (E/SE), Stavropol Krai (W/NW).
- international: Georgia (S/SW) (including Abkhazia).
- Highest point: Mount Elbrus (5,642 m)
- Maximum N->S distance: no data
- Maximum E->W distance: no data
[edit] Rivers
There are 172 rivers on the territory of the republic. Major rivers include:
- Aksaut River
- Bolshaya Laba River
- Bolshoy Zelenchuk River
- Daut River
- Kuban River
- Kuma River
- Kyafar River
- Maly Zelenchuk River
- Marukha River
- Podkumok River
- Teberda River
- Urup River
[edit] Lakes
There are approximately 130 lakes in the republic.
[edit] Mountains
The landscape of the republic is mostly mountainous (~80% of the territory). Mount Elbrus, the highest mountain in Europe, is situated on the border with the Kabardino-Balkar Republic.
[edit] Natural resources
Karachay-Cherkessia's natural resources include gold, coal, clays, and more.
[edit] Climate
- Average January temperature: −3.2 °C (26.2 °F)
- Average July temperature: +20.6 °C (69.1 °F)
- Average annual precipitation: 550 mm (20 in) (plains) to 2,500 mm (100 in) (mountains)
[edit] Administrative divisions
[edit] Demographics
- Population: 439,470 (2002)
- Urban: 193,531 (44.0%)
- Rural: 245,939 (56.0%)
- Male: 205,481 (46.8%)
- Female: 233,989 (53.2%)
- Females per 1000 males: 1,139
- Average age: 33.2 years
- Urban: 33.4 years
- Rural: 33.1 years
- Male: 31.0 years
- Female: 35.2 years
- Number of households: 127,488 (with 437,338 people)
- Urban: 62,858 (with 192,642people)
- Rural: 65,130 (with 244,696 people)
- Vital statistics
- Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service
| Births | Deaths | Birth rate | Death rate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 6,021 | 2,153 | 17.4 | 6.2 |
| 1975 | 6,619 | 2,288 | 18.5 | 6.4 |
| 1980 | 7,044 | 2,794 | 18.9 | 7.5 |
| 1985 | 8,119 | 3,350 | 20.6 | 8.5 |
| 1990 | 7,218 | 3,496 | 17.1 | 8.3 |
| 1991 | 7,145 | 3,713 | 16.7 | 8.7 |
| 1992 | 6,846 | 3,915 | 15.9 | 9.1 |
| 1993 | 5,569 | 4,336 | 12.9 | 10.0 |
| 1994 | 5,786 | 4,598 | 13.3 | 10.6 |
| 1995 | 5,633 | 4,501 | 12.9 | 10.3 |
| 1996 | 5,281 | 4,683 | 12.0 | 10.7 |
| 1997 | 4,987 | 4,615 | 11.3 | 10.5 |
| 1998 | 4,990 | 4,537 | 11.3 | 10.3 |
| 1999 | 4,523 | 4,707 | 10.3 | 10.7 |
| 2000 | 4,666 | 4,961 | 10.6 | 11.3 |
| 2001 | 4,778 | 4,911 | 10.9 | 11.2 |
| 2002 | 4,927 | 5,207 | 11.2 | 11.9 |
| 2003 | 5,088 | 5,427 | 11.6 | 12.4 |
| 2004 | 5,190 | 5,059 | 11.9 | 11.6 |
| 2005 | 5,194 | 5,131 | 12.0 | 11.9 |
| 2006 | 5,032 | 4,924 | 11.7 | 11.4 |
| 2007 | 6,066 | 4,626 | 14.2 | 10.8 |
| 2008 | 6,364 | 4,731 | 14.9 | 11.1 |
- Ethnic groups
According to the 2002 Census, Karachays make up 38.5% of the republic's population, followed by Russians (33.6%) and Cherkes (11.3%). Other groups include Abazins (7.4%), Nogais (3.4%), Ossetians (3,333, or 0.8%), Ukrainians (3,331, or 0.8%), Armenians (3,197, or 0.7%), Tatars (2,021, or 0.5%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.
| census 1926 | census 1939 | census 1959 | census 1970 | census 1979 | census 1989 | census 2002 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Karachays | 52,875 (52.0%) | 70,932 (29.2%) | 67,830 (24.4%) | 97,104 (28.2%) | 109,196 (29.7%) | 129,449 (31.2%) | 169,198 (38.5%) |
| Cherkess | 16,186 (15.9%) | 17,667 (7.3%) | 24,145 (8.7%) | 31,190 (9.0%) | 34,430 (9.4%) | 40,241 (9.7%) | 49,591 (11.3%) |
| Abazins | 13,731 (13.5%) | 14,138 (5.8%) | 18,159 (6.5%) | 22,896 (6.6%) | 24,245 (6.6%) | 27,475 (6.6%) | 32,346 (7.4%) |
| Russians | 2,593 (2.6%) | 118,785 (48.8%) | 141,843 (51.0%) | 162,442 (47.1%) | 165,451 (45.1%) | 175,931 (42.4%) | 147,878 (33.6%) |
| Nogais | 6,263 (6.2%) | 6,869 (2.8%) | 8,903 (3.2%) | 11,062 (3.2%) | 11,872 (3.2%) | 12,993 (3.1%) | 14,873 (3.4%) |
| Others | 9,961 (9.8%) | 14,810 (6.1%) | 17,079 (6.1%) | 19,957 (5.8%) | 21,917 (6.0%) | 28,881 (7.0%) | 25,584 (5.8%) |
[edit] History
Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast was created on January 12, 1922. It was split into Karachay Autonomous Oblast and Cherkess National District on April 26, 1926. Cherkess National District was elevated to an autonomous oblast status on April 30, 1928. In 1943, Karachay Autonomous Oblast was abolished and the Karachay population was deported to Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan accused of collaboration with the Nazis. Most of the Karchay territory was split between Stavropol Krai and Georgia. The remaining territory populated by the Cherkessians was known as Cherkess Autonomous Oblast until January 9, 1957 when it was re-established into Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast in its former borders due to the re-habilitation of the Karachay. On July 3, 1991, the autonomous oblast was elevated to the status of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia (under the jurisdiction of the Russian SFSR). With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991, the words "Autonomous Soviet Socialist" was dropped from the name.
[edit] Politics
The head of the government in Karachay-Cherkessia is the President. Until February 2011, the president was Boris Safarovich Ebzeyev, a former judge of the Constitutional Court of Russian Federation. Rashid Temrezov is currently the acting president.[11]
Ethnic tension is a considerable problem in the republic. In May 1999 Karachay-Cherkessia conducted its first ever free regional presidential election. When Vladimir Semyonov, a Karachay, won the election over Stanislav Derev, a Circassian, there were protests by supporters of Derev, with widespread allegations of fraud. A court ruling later upheld the election result, prompting thousands of Derev's supporters to march in protest, many advocating partition of the republic.
A car-bomb that killed two people in March 2001 was blamed on Chechen separatists. In September 2007, the FSB killed Abubakar, the chief Islamic extremist of the republic.
[edit] Economy
Industry is mostly concentrated in the capital of the republic, Cherkessk. Chemical, wood, and food industries are the most developed. The republic is keen to develop its tourist industry and winter sports are particularly popular. However, Poverty is widespread.
[edit] Science
The republic is the home of what was the largest telescope of the world when it was built, a very large radiotelescope (600 meters in diameter), and the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science dedicated to the study of astronomy. These facilities are located on the bank of the Zelenchuk river, between the villages of Zelenchukskaya and Arkhyz.
(copy of wikipedia)
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